Word: effecting
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...humans just as well. "The speed with which the punishment is applied is very important, and in our society we've had a long-standing focus on the severity of the punishment," says Wagenaar. "The punishment does not have to be draconian to have an effect in shaping the behavior that we want to deter, in this case drunk driving. A driving-license suspension for a couple of months is a modest penalty, but when it's applied immediately it's effective...
...obvious question is, Why? Spouses share meals and a backyard, but the researchers found a much smaller risk of gaining weight - a 37% increase - when one spouse became obese. Siblings share genes, but their influence, too, was much smaller, increasing each other's risk 40%. Fowler believes the effect has much more to do with social norms: whom we look to when considering appropriate social behavior. Having fat friends makes being fat seem more acceptable. "Your spouse may not be the person you look to when you're deciding what kind of body image is appropriate, how much...
Fowler and Christakis say that the contagion effect should hold just as much for weight loss as it does for weight gain. "I would hope this influences individuals to get friends and families involved in decisions about health," Fowler says. After all, he says, a weight-loss plan may be more effective if the people closest to you are on board. And, if you're successful, your good health will help others achieve a healthy weight too. The impact extends not just to your friends, it turns out - but also to your friends' friends, and even to their friends. Fowler...
...predicts maladjustment, and how maladjustment predicts college enrollment. For example, he found that self-rejection in obese girls was 63% higher than for non-obese girls. And in one group of obese girls, the rate of class failure was 24% higher than with their non-obese counterparts. The obesity effect on college enrollment was also slightly stronger for blacks and Hispanics than it was for whites but the results were rooted less in race than in psychosocial adjustment. "Race is a predictor of college enrollment, obesity and depression, but it doesn't seem to be a strong factor...
...became a paragon of corruption and mismanagement. Hamas won control of the PA's legislature and government in democratic elections of January 2006, prompting a Western boycott of much of the Authority. And after the short, sharp civil war in Gaza in June, Palestinians now have in effect two rival governments - one run by the Islamist militants of Hamas in Gaza, who remain in control of the Palestinian legislature, but whose government has been dismissed by President Mahmoud Abbas; the other run by Fatah in the West Bank that, although appointed as an emergency administration by President Abbas, needs...