Word: civilizations
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Dates: during 2000-2000
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...staff suggests that Congress is intervening "on the ground of state incompetence." Such a characterization grossly misunderstands the history of this legislation, however. Congress determined, over four years of hearings, that it had two grounds to intervene in this issue: civil rights and interstate commerce. First, Congress found that "gender bias permeates the [state] court systems," contributing to "the judicial system's failure to afford protection of the law to victims of domestic violence...
Under the enforcement clause of the history of this legislation, however. Congress determined that it had two grounds to intervene in this issue: civil rights and interstate commerce. Under the enforcement clause of the 14th Amendment, Congress correctly asserted that it had grounds to intervene on behalf of women who were being denied equal protection by the state justice systems...
Finally, and most importantly, the staff is very misguided when it attacks the use of the commerce clause in civil rights jurisprudence. As they concede, the commerce clause is the very basis of modern civil rights litigation. What they do not see, however, is how the commerce clause has been used to protect disadvantaged groups from violations of due process and equal protection at the hands of the states...
...Congressional findings and the states confessions clearly reveal, this case fits exactly that scenario. To deny the applicability of the commerce clause to this case would be to deny the proud history of civil rights litigation over the past half century...
Politicians and academics are very fond of talking about fostering civil society to help create democracy and better societies; these churches have developed a vigorous and dynamic social network among their members despite the persecution of the government. Unlike political organizations that would surely be quickly and viciously squashed by the state, these churches present no clear threat to the government and could be the start of a much more vigorous civil society in China...