Word: carbonation
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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Like other steroid hormones (e.g., testosterone, androsterone, progesterone), cortisone is a tough chemical customer. Its molecules are built around the steroid nucleus" (TIME, Jan. 29) which has three six-atom carbon rings and one five-atom ring in the proper spatial arrangement. To build such a molecule from scratch was considered so difficult that few chemists ever hoped to accomplish...
Woodward started out with orthoto-luidine, an oily liquid extracted from coal tar, whose molecule has one six-carbon ring and one methyl (CH3) group. Step by step he attached more atoms, carefully choosing his reactions so that the atoms would fall in the proper places. After some 20 laboratory steps, his 22 Ibs. of original raw materials were reduced to 1/28 oz. of a genuine steroid. The compound's molecule has the steroid nucleus with an oxygen atom attached at one end and a carbome-thoxy (C02CH3) group at the other...
...found that high pressures of carbon monoxide will block the action of cytochrome, by combining with it and forming a combination compound which does not have the power to handle oxygen...
Under the Alpher-Herman hypothesis, the gas, constantly expanding, soon cooled enough to allow an occasional proton to join with a neutron, forming the two-part nucleus of heavy hydrogen. Then, little by little, larger nuclei were formed, such as lithium, boron and carbon. Most of the nuclei grew by capturing more neutrons. When they captured too many, they became unstable. Then some of the neutrons inside them turned into protons and electrons. The electrons shot off as high-energy beta particles...
...Bite. Nevertheless, the excess profits tax, added to a boost in thd corporate income tax, took such huge bites that even a tremendous increase in sales brought only a small rise in net profits. In the booming chemical industry, for example, Union Carbide & Carbon boosted sales 40% but profits rose only 6%, to $29,178,685. Many another company increased its gross but profits dropped. General Electric, with a new high in sales and pre-tax profits, wound up with a 5% drop in its net (to $34,996,395). International Business Machines did the same: its net slid from...