Word: buttings
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Still, there are clues in his life story. Like the population as a whole, he was much better educated than his predecessors. A graduate of the law faculty of Moscow State University, he is the first Soviet party leader since Lenin to have earned a university degree. He is experienced...
Initially Gorbachev believed he could restructure the country by replacing hacks with doers, offering real rewards for hard work and cutting back on the consumption of vodka. In short, he counted on the restoration of discipline. It took two years for him to discover that the problems were much deeper...
Poland, where major antigovernment strikes broke out in 1956, 1968, 1970, 1976 and 1980-81, mounted the first full test of Moscow's new policy. At the beginning of 1989, Polish party leader Wojciech Jaruzelski told his Central Committee that "fundamental changes" were needed to rescue the economy from work...
Just as Poland was showing the world the best that could be hoped for in the drama of reform, China was showing the worst. Deng Xiaoping had introduced bold and promising reforms of the economy under the slogan of "Four Modernizations." But Deng kept the political system rigidly in the...
Hungarian revisionism, nicknamed "goulash communism," produced prosperity and glitter for a while, but the economy nonetheless went into a long decline because the stagnation was too widespread and deep rooted to be cured by tinkering. Party boss Janos Kadar, the quisling who had replaced Nagy, was ousted in May 1988...