Word: 1920s
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Soviet psychiatry began to take shape in the 1920s and drew especially on the work of physiologist Ivan Pavlov (whose experiments on conditioning, particularly with dogs, gave the term Pavlovian response to the English language). His followers largely rejected the work of Sigmund Freud and other Western theorists and looked for physical rather than psychological causes of mental problems. That emphasis led Soviet psychiatrists to rely on drug treatment, work therapy and re-education rather than psychotherapy...
...most radical paintings were the suprematist compositions he made between 1913 and the mid-1920s. To imagine that these were just formal exercises is to underrate them. Malevich thought of his black square and its cousins -- the white-on-white geometries, the crisp arrangements of colored planes floating in space as deep as the sky -- as icons, points of entry into a superior spiritual world. Their vividness, their power to fix one's attention, is also the vividness of the staring eyes of a pantocrator...
...prolonged meditation on constructivism and suprematism, the chief movements of the "classical" Russian avant-garde in the years just before and after the revolution: finely tuned planar constructions in a pale, deep space. Lately, in a way that parallels Malevich's return to peasant themes in the 1920s, Stenberg has deepened his color and turned to images of a remote village where he spends part of his time: bare roads, cottages, grave markers, religious symbols like the fish and the Cross, all emblems of an ancient Russia that continues to exist below ideology...
...unusual sound that draws on several sources. As a child, Sukachev listened to black-market Glenn Miller and Andrews Sisters albums, and their influence can be heard in the group's Big Band tinge. In style, the group also owes a tremendous debt to the futurist poets of the 1920s, whose revolutionary verse inspired a generation with its early Communist iconography...
...whole, the rooms devoted to 1910-35 are the best. The show does a particular service by exhuming the impressive work of Mario Sironi (1885-1961) and, at long last, intelligently describing the relations between Italian modernists and Fascism in the 1920s and '30s. The pieties of art politics, up to the present, have tended to discourage this, since the arrival of Mussolini was greeted with rapture by so many leading artists and intellectuals. The Fascist rhetoric of dynamism and machine efficiency meshed with (and was partly inspired by) that of futurism; while the Duce's promise of a renewed...