Word: nitrogen
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...think tank where talented young chefs will explore new directions in gastronomy. It's a subject with which Adrià, 47, and his team have ample experience. The chef will probably always be identified with radical innovations like potato foam and foie gras "noodles" frozen with liquid nitrogen. But more than any one dish or technique, he has changed the way people think about food. Chefs around the world have adopted not only his dazzling concoctions but his ethos - to bring science, art and cooking into closer collaboration; to use food not only to please and satiate but also...
...term the chef himself reviles - Adrià and his team have revolutionized modern cuisine with their constant search for new techniques and ingredients. In their hands, olive oil has been "spherified" until it takes on the shape and texture of caviar, and Gorgonzola cheese has been transformed with liquid nitrogen into a frozen globe that looked like nothing so much as a dinosaur egg. Dinner at elBulli, which consists of 30 or so courses, is a unique experience that has diners routinely laughing in delighted surprise at the new sensations provoked by the food on their plate...
...plenty of debate about how much it helps." One reason is that plants depend not only on carbon dioxide for healthy growth, but also on water and other nutrients. Increase CO2 without increasing the other factors, and you can get plants that are bigger, but relatively deficient in, say, nitrogen - meaning insects may have to eat more of each plant to stay healthy themselves. Some FACE experiments look at the effects of variations in rainfall and nutrients as well as CO2. "Surprisingly," says Lobell, "you get different answers when they vary one at a time than when they vary together...
...sawdust, which not only neutralizes smells but also helps speed the breakdown of material for compost. Like many back-to-basics sophisticates, he believes Jenkins' humanure system is more sanitary and more rational than the conventional alternative. "Human waste is a perfectly good source of an important resource, nitrogen," Knutzen observes. "Water is a valuable resource too. Why mix the two and turn all of it into a problem...
...ships use some of the dirtiest fuel on the planet. Ships' bunker fuel is a thick, black sludge leftover from the refining process and has about 2,000 times the sulfur of regular diesel fuel. When bunker fuel burns, it releases a host of toxins, including sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, that can lead to respiratory problems and acid rain. Now a better understanding of the health impact of shipping and commercial boats - combined with high oil prices and tighter general pollution restrictions - is sparking what could be the biggest revolution in industrial boating since the introduction of the marine...