Word: italian
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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EDINBURGH INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL (Aug. 24-Sept. 13) this year has an Italian slant, featuring works by composers from Monteverdi and Corelli to Dallapiccola and Nono. Opera predominates, but the London Symphony Orchestra, the New Philharmonia, and such soloists as Pianists Claudio Arrau and Misha Dichter, Violinists Itzhak Perlman and Nathan Milstein, can also be heard in nonoperatic works from Brahms to Stravinsky...
...illustrious pupil, Antoine-Jean Gros, almost reversed the master by ushering in a new school of romantic pageantry. Like David, Gros became caught up in the whirlwind of contemporary politics. Through Josephine, he met Bonaparte in 1796, was given a role in the French army's confiscation of Italian art treasures, then taken into Napoleon's entourage...
...most chronic source of monetary crisis, might well be reduced. The mark probably would have moved up in several steps from its present value of 25?, to 26? or 27?, and the franc would have gradually declined from 20? to around 18? or 19?. The Dutch guilder and Italian lira probably would have moved up too, while the British pound almost certainly would be worth less than its present $2.40. The U.S. dollar would not have changed because it is the standard against which the other currencies are measured...
TODAY'S avant-garde in film is a director's movement. The American audience knowns Italian, French, Czech films as the work individual men. College audience, the newly-discovered gold mine of U.S. film distributors, appreciate foreign films for qualities of high social artistic awareness and personal expression. Given the importance of the youth market for ticket sales, the trend has even hit Hollywood, long considered by native critics the place where individual talent is lost. The names of young directors (Arthur Penn and, unfortunately, Mike Nichols) are becoming good box office. Hollywood has even begun to conceive that...
Seeing the same qualities in Italian, French, Czech, and American directors may appear sweeping and uncritical, but there are good historical reasons for it. American audiences which go one night to see Antonioni and the next Godard, and like them for the same things, are implicitly recognizing a clear line of aesthetic influence. A healthy chunk of the French New Wave's conception of film comes from Neo-Realism (Antonioni, visconti, Rossellini, de Sica, Fellini). Neo Realism's original choice of social reality for subject-matter and its tendency to documentary as method had a tremendous influence in France, giving...